Month: February 2023

Spiritual Stages or Stations of Shedding off the Karmas (Nirjarā) When there is development of gradual purity of volitions due to factors like proper time etc., Any liberatable, five-sensed mind-endowed and completioned individual sheds the major part of karmas off while ascending the ladder of the spiritual stages of low-tended, unprecedented and similar volitions. This...

The Path Of Liberation (MOKSA-MĀRGA) Empirical and Ideal Path of Liberation (Vyavahara - Niṡcaya Mokṣamarga)The united trio of right faith, right knowledge and right conduct is the means of liberation with respect to empirical standpoint. In contrast, the soul of the nature of the above trio is the means of liberation with respect to the...

Three Kinds of the Soul After offering bowings to the five Supreme Souls (Parameṣthīs) with humility and getting himself volitionally undefiled, Prabhākara Bhatta requests Yogindradeva to learn about the element of pure soul.“O Tord, infinite time has passed since I have been in this world. But I have not experienced any kinds of happiness here....

Review of Philosophical Systems (Darsana-Samīksā) The darṡana ṡastrā (Philosophy) is defined as the intellectual medium through which the thatness of entities is ascertained. It is stated also : On this basis, the philosophy is logical examination and consideration which may lead to ascertain the accurate nature of realities or entities. For example, there are certain...

The Distinctive Characteristics of the Living Being (Sva-tattva/Self-based that-ness) There are five distinctive volitions or dispositions of the living beings (which are not found in any other reality). They are called self-based characteristics (Svatattva). They are : (1)Subsidential volition (Aupaṡamika). (2)Purified Voliton related with karmic destmction (Kṣāyika). (3)Destruction-cum-subsidential or mixed volition (Kṣāyopaṡamika or Miṡra) (4)Fmitional...

Niksepas (Positings, Installations) The concept of Niksepas (positings) has been admitted to know rightly about the entities like the living beings etc. There are four kinds of positings : (1) Name (2) Representation (3)Substance (4) Mode The Namal positing (Nāma) is to give a name to an entity or person irrespective of his class or...

Substantiation of the Doctrine of Relativism (Doctrine of Qualified Assertions, Syādvāda) Septadic Predication (Sapta-bhangī) The Sanskṛta term ‘Syāt’ is an indeclinable word. It implies complete devoidance of absolutism and, hence, it means ‘in some respects’, or ‘on some account’ etc. For example, the living being is permanent in some respects and non-permanent in some respects...

Description of the Standpoints (Nayas) The standpoints are defined as the devices to leam the characteristics of the object in part which has been known in full through the organs of knowledge.12 Nine kinds of Standpoint : There are nine kinds of standpoint: (1)Substantive (Dravyārthika) (2)Modal (Paryāyārthika) (3)Figurative (Naigama) (4)Collective standpoint (Sangraha (5)Practical or Empirical...

Description of Organs of Knowledge (Pramānās) Tattvārta Sūtrā 1.6 has stated that the knowledge (of seven reals and six realities) is acquired through organs of knowledge (Pramāṇas) and standpoints (Nayas). The right knowledge is called the organ of valid knowledge (Pramāṇas). In the texts of logic, the organ of knowledge has been defined as the...